Feature

The Global State of Information Security 2006

IV. Compliance—Time to Get Tough

As was the case last year, a surprising portion of survey respondents admitted that they’re not in compliance with the information security laws and regulations that govern their industries.

That includes high-profile laws that have been on the books for years. More than one-quarter of U.S. security execs who said their organizations need to be compliant with HIPAA, the eight-year-old law that requires health-care organizations to protect patient information, admitted that they are not.

Rules? What Rules?

U.S. organizations still ignoring security and privacy laws...

Percentage of U.S. organizations admitting they need to be in compliance with a specific law, but are not

Regulation	2005	2006
California database breach notification act	15	15
Sarbanes-Oxley	38	28
HIPAA (healthcare respondents only)	38	40
GLBA (financial services respondents only)	17	14
Other state/local privacy regulations	10	32

...but international colleagues are negligent as well.

Percentage of non-U.S. organizations admitting they need to be in compliance with a specific law, but are not

Regulation	2005	2006
Australian Privacy Legislation (Australia respondents)	48	50
CNIL (France respondents)	35	42
Data Protection Act of 1998 (U.K. respondents)	24	31
European Union Data Privacy Directive (Europe residents)	45	45
Canadian Privacy Act (Canada respondents)	38	30

Noncompliance runs broad and deep in all industries, and ignorance of applicable law is a big factor. Nearly one in five U.S. survey respondents said they should be but are not in compliance with California’s 2002 security breach law, which requires companies to notify individuals if an unauthorized person obtains access to their private information (such as credit card numbers). But only 22 percent of all U.S. respondents said the law applies to them. However, given that the law applies to any organization that has even one California resident as a customer, student or client—more than one in 10 Americans—a good portion of the 78 percent of enterprises that think the law does not apply to them are likely wrong.

Similarly, it would have been hard over the past four years to miss the requirements of such laws as Sarbanes-Oxley and Gramm-Leach-Bliley. Still, more than one-third of all U.S. respondents said they are not in compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley even though they should be, and more than one out of seven said they were not compliant with Gramm-Leach-Bliley. That’s a slight improvement from last year, but considering the stiff criminal penalties of not complying, many executives seem to be leaving themselves open to lawsuits and possible prison terms and exposing their enterprise to fines.

And this is not simply an American phenomenon. Half of Australian organizations surveyed admitted to not complying with their country’s privacy legislation. Almost a third of U.K. respondents said they do not comply with their country’s eight-year-old Data Protection Act, and nearly one-third of stereotypically law-abiding Canadian organizations do not comply with their nation’s privacy act.

At the root of this may be a lack of enforcement. To date, the cost of noncompliance is not as high as the expense of complying—the price of labor, hardware and software. In the absence of penalties, security executives have not been able to mount a business case for compliance. Add to that the fact that despite high-profile security breaches and lost laptops over the past year, the actual damages and ID thefts that can be directly tied to the incidents are small, says Jim Lewis, director of the Technology and Public Policy program at the Center for Strategic & International Studies in Washington, D.C. "People may have a sense that they are not as vulnerable as they used to be," he says, and so not complying with laws is perceived as less risky.

If security is to improve, security laws need more teeth. And that applies to an organization’s own rules as well. Survey respondents reported that more than two-thirds of users are compliant with their organization’s security policies, a statistic that has remained unchanged over the past three "Global State of Information Security" surveys. One of the most critical factors for reducing network downtime is compliance with an organization’s security rules, Lobel points out, but that requirement isn’t even in control objectives for information and related technology, or Cobit, the bible for IT governance.

Lobel suggests organizations assign penalties for not complying with their own security policies. But make sure, he adds, that the penalty matches the infraction. "You may not want to terminate someone who puts passwords on yellow sticky notes," Lobel says, "but there have to be some consequences."