Throughout history, new communication technologies and social arrangements have enabled people to organize collective action on ever- larger scales. When this happens, human civilizations jump to high levels of complexity. This has been so since the printing press spread literacy beyond the ruling classes and enabled such new forms of collective action as science and democracy. For the past century, the wiring and unwiring of earth, followed by the emergence of the Internet, have enabled collective action to take place globally, simultaneously and virtually. Tomorrow, mobile communications and pervasive computing technologies could herald an era of smart mobs in which the devices we carry and wear link us in ways undreamed of today.

However, if today’s PC and Net users aren’t vigilant, the future might not be as user-centric as the past. It all depends on what kinds of laws and restrictions will be burned into next-generation hardware and operating systems.

Collective action happens when the aggregate actions of people add up to something instead of canceling each other out. The first humans who banded together to hunt big game; the first scientists who created a body of knowledge by pooling experiments and findings; the investors who invented the modern corporation in European coffeehouses; the people whose individual link choices add up to Google’s page rank—all have been involved in collective action.

Today, collective action can involve devices as well as social contracts. Napster (intellectual property considerations aside) enabled 70 million computers to become, in effect, a giant music library. Seti@home (setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu) and Folding@ home (folding.stanford.edu) enable millions of people to contribute their computers’ idle computation cycles to searching for life in outer space or help biomedical researchers understand protein structure. Open-source software is created collectively, organized and coordinated online. What is the Web itself but the collective contributions of millions of people and their browsers, each creating a small patch of the planetary weave with their webpages and links?

What new social arrangements can we build in a world of billions of devices, each more powerful than today’s computers, interconnected everywhere, all the time, by wireless, high-speed networks? It is entirely possible that new industries, new ways of conducting science, powerful extensions of human capabilities will be invented by enthusiastic amateurs all over the planet—most, but not all of them, doing it from their dorm rooms.

Now that portable, wearable, wireless media make it possible for people to organize ad-hoc social networks, reputation software (like the buyer-seller rating system on eBay or the way posted messages are rated on Slashdot) could enable us to find common cause with the strangers around us as we move around a city and the world, similar to the way we connect with people online. Today, you walk down the street, surrounded by people you don’t know but who might be able to offer a ride in the direction you’re going, buy that bicycle you’re trying to sell or entertain a request for a date. Social capital leaks into the air, wasted, and nobody notices. Could mobile, networked, computationally powerful personal communication devices weave us into social networks that haven’t existed before, just as eBay brings buyers and sellers into a market that never existed before?