Established in 1966 in Section 552 of Title 5 of the U.S. Code, FOIA was designed to give the public access to the inner workings of government. Journalists, researchers, advocacy groups, businesses and private individuals can file a request with any government agency to access records that might otherwise remain private. In recent years, FOIA requests have led to the disclosure of files about the assassination of John F. Kennedy and details about Vice President Dick Cheney’s energy task force.

FOIA already has several exemptions, but the current debate centers on whether exemption B4?for "trade secrets and commercial or financial information"?protects information about security threats and vulnerabilities as well as it protects, say, the ingredients in Coke’s syrup. Many of the government’s experts, including Richard Clarke, President Bush’s top information security adviser, insist that B4 is protection enough. Nevertheless, they still advocate for an additional exemption, if only to reassure corporate lawyers who don’t want to have to rely on case law to protect sensitive data.

In response, the U.S. House of Representatives added an additional FOIA exemption to last July’s bill creating the new Department of Homeland Defense. H.R. 5005 protects voluntarily submitted critical infrastructure information, including the identity of the submitting person or entity, to any covered federal agency. In the Senate’s proposed Homeland Defense bill, S. 2452, a narrower version of the exemption would cover only information voluntarily submitted to the new Department of Homeland Defense. Neither exemption says anything about information that’s not critical to the infrastructure?like, say, the ingredients in Coke’s syrup. But critics fear that the exemption is poorly worded and may be used to hide things like oil spills.

At press time, the Senate was scheduled to debate its Homeland Defense bill. The differences between the bills are likely to be hammered out in a conference committee in one of the rowdiest debates on Capitol Hill this fall.